Everything about Civil Service totally explained
The term
civil service has two distinct meanings:
- Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis of merit which is proven by the use of competitive examinations.
- Body of employees in any government agency, except the military.
A
civil servant or
public servant is a civilian career
public sector employee working for a government department or agency. The term explicitly excludes the armed services, although civilian officials will work at "Defence Ministry" headquarters. The term always includes the (sovereign) state's employees; whether regional, or sub-state, or even municipal employees are called "civil servants" varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are civil servants, county or city employees are not.
Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of
public administration. Workers in "non-departmental public bodies" (sometimes called "
QUANGOs") may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. Collectively a state's civil servants form its
Civil Service or
Public Service.
History
No state of any extent can be ruled without a
bureaucracy, but organizations of any size have been few until the modern era. Administrative institutions usually grow out of the personal servants of high officials, as in the Roman Empire. This developed a complex administrative structure, which is outlined in the
Notitia Dignitatum and the work of
John Lydus, but as far as we know appointments to it were made entirely by inheritance or patronage and not on merit, and it was also possible for officers to employ other people to carry out their official tasks but continue to draw their salary themselves. There are obvious parallels here with the early bureaucratic structures in modern states, such as the
Office of Works or the
Navy in 18th century England, where again appointments depended on patronage and were often bought and sold.
China
One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on
meritocracy is the Imperial bureaucracy of
China, which can be traced as far back as the
Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC). During the
Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) the
xiaolian system of recommendation by superiors for appointments to office was established. In the areas of administration, especially in the military, appointments would be based solely on merit.
After the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy would regress into a semi-merit system known as the
Nine-rank system, yet in this system noble birthright became the most significant prerequisite for one to gain access to more authoritative posts.
This system was reversed during the shortlived
Sui Dynasty (581–618), which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited by
written examinations and recommendation. The following
Tang Dynasty (618–907) would adopt the same measures of drafting officials, and would decreasingly rely upon aristocratic recommendations and more and more upon promotion based on the written examinations.
However, the civil service examinations were practiced on a much smaller scale in comparison to the strong, centralized bureaucracy of the
Song Dynasty (960–1279). In response to the regional military rule of
jiedushi and loss of civil authority during the late Tang period and
Five Dynasties (907–960), the Song emperors were eager to implement a system where civil officials would owe their social prestige to the central court and gain their salaries strictly from the central government. This ideal wasn't fully achieved since many scholar officials were affluent landowners and partook in many anonymous business affairs in an age of
economic revolution in China. Nonetheless, gaining a degree through three levels of examination — prefectural exams, provincial exams, and the prestigious palace exams — was a far more desirable goal in society than becoming a merchant. This was because the mercantile class was traditionally regarded with some disdain by the
scholar official class. This class of state bureaucrats in the Song period were far less aristocratic than their Tang predecessors. The examinations were carefully structured in order to ensure people of lesser means than candidates born into wealthy, landowning families were given a greater chance at passing the exams and gaining an official degree. This included the employment of a bureau of
copyists who would rewrite all of the candidate's exams in order to mask one's handwriting and therefore make all candidates anonymous and unable to employ favoritism by graders of the exams who might be associated to them and recognize their handwriting. The advent of widespread
printing in the Song period allowed many more candidates of the exams access to required
Confucian texts which could be utilized in passing the exams.
Europe
The Chinese civil service became known to Europe in the mid-18th century, and influenced the development of European and American systems. Ironically, and in part due to Chinese influence, the first European civil service wasn't set up in Europe, but rather in India by the
East India Company, distinguishing its
civil servants from its
military servants. In order to prevent corruption and favouritism, promotions within the company were based on examinations. The system then spread to the United Kingdom in 1854, and to the United States in 1883, with the
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. It was also used in China
By country
Canada
Canada's Civil Service is a large body, with over 200 departments and 450,000 members, including commissions, councils,
crown corporations, the
Office of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
France
The civil service in
France is often considered to include government employees, as well as employees of public corporations.
United Kingdom
The civil service in the
United Kingdom only includes Crown employees; not those who are parliamentary employees. Public sector employees such as teachers and
NHS doctors are not considered to be civil servants. Note that civil servants in devolved government departments in
Northern Ireland are not part of the British Civil Service, but constitute the separate
Northern Ireland Civil Service.
Republic of Ireland
The Irish Civil Service includes the employees of the
Departments of State (except for Government
ministers and a small number of paid political advisors) as well as a small number of core state agencies such as the
Office of the Revenue Commissioners,
Office of Public Works, and the
Public Appointments Service. The organisation of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organisation of the British Civil Service, and indeed the grading system in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British counterpart.
In Ireland, public sector employees such as members of
An Garda Siochana and teachers are not considered to be civil servants, but are rather described as
public servants (and form the
Public service of the Republic of Ireland).
Other countries
Other countries tend to use systems which vary between these two extremes. Germany makes a clear distinction, as in the U.S., between political and official posts (though the threshold is placed rather higher); also see
Beamter.
The
Brazilian civil service is composed mostly of career servants, with nomination based on written examinations. Politicians may nominate candidates for some posts, especially higher ones.
Employees of international organisations (for example, the
United Nations or the
International Atomic Energy Agency) are sometimes referred to as
international civil servants.
Other meanings
Civil service also means a form of legal
conscientious objection, for example the
Swiss Civilian Service. It should be noted that the Finnish "siviilipalvelus", French "service civil", German "Zivildienst", Italian "servizio civile" and Swedish "civiltjänst" all can be translated to "civil service".
Further Information
Get more info on 'Civil Service'.
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